Chemicals world

Versatility makes the Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium (EDTA 4Na) an important chemical that is used in many industries. This compound proves its value from fulfilling synthetic rubber production to serving as a component for water treatment. This serves as a focus on understanding the properties, practical applications, and major benefits that EDTA 4Na possesses in such industrial settings, where high performance is a big consideration.

Chemical Structure and Composition

The molecular formula of EDTA-4Na as C₁₀H₁₂N₂Na₄O₈ and its molecular weight is 380.17. (dihydrate with molecular weight 416.21) white powder primarily serves as a chelating agent, a compound that binds to metal ions and removes them from the solution. It is invaluable in processes demanding metal ion control due to this ability. EDTA 4Na is soluble in water and acid but not in alcohol or other organic solvents. This solubility characteristic directly affects its use since it is often dissolved in aqueous solutions for industrial usage.

EDTA 4Na Physical and Chemical Properties

EDTA 4Na presents itself as a white powder with a purity level of ≥99%. It features a pH of between 10.5 and 11.5 making it fit for alkaline use. Its efficiency in binding metal ions such as calcium is shown by the chelate value (≥215 mg CaCO₃/g). Such processes necessitate precise control of metal concentrations; hence, this is significant. Finally, EDTA 4Na is also a factor in the safety of this chelating agent and can contain no more than ≤0.001% iron content and ≤0.002% heavy metals, such as lead (Pb). By meeting these specifications, the product also ensures safety within the industry and, therefore, reduces the risk of contamination in critical applications.

EDTA 4Na Key Industrial Applications

The most common use of EDTA 4Na is in water softening, and it is also commonly used as a reducing agent in volumetric analyses. Causes interferences with many industrial processes. EDTA 4Na effectively binds the ions that cause hard water, and therefore, the water becomes softer and has increased quality for boiler and cooling tower use. Another important application for it is as a catalyst in synthetic rubber production. Ethylene Di Amine Tetra Acetic Acid 4Na helps to increase the performance of rubber by improving the polymerization rate and, therefore, making the product more durable and elastic.

Edta 4Na is employed in the textile industry as a dyeing adjuvant. This helps to control the concentrations of metal ions that can affect color uniformity and brightness. As a result, fabrics become more consistent and vibrant. Furthermore, EDTA 4Na is an excellent detergent adjuvant, facilitating washing efficacy since it removes metal ions interfering with detergent performance. It softens the water, therefore helping detergents work more efficiently, resulting in cleaner fabrics.

Benefits of Using EDTA 4Na

EDTA 4Na has many benefits across different industries. It not only improves water quality but also extends the life of equipment by preventing scale buildup, which is particularly useful in water treatment. EDTA 4Na is used in synthetic rubber production to better control polymerization, producing more good rubber. In textiles, it improves color vibrancy and ensures even dye application, while in detergents, it increases the cleaning power.

Its cost effectiveness is another big plus of EDTA 4Na. Since it has a high chelating power, only a little is required to achieve desired results. Large-scale operations benefit from it, and it is, therefore, a preferred choice of businesses. Another factor considered is its environmental impact: EDTA 4Na is employed in many green formulas, thus diminishing the need for harmful chemicals.

(GOX) is an important oxidoreductase enzyme with many important roles in biological processes. It is considered an “ideal enzyme” and is often called an oxidase “Ferrari” because of its fast mechanism of action, high stability and specificity. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of 𝛽-d-glucose to d-glucono-𝛿-lactone and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of molecular oxygen. d-glucono-𝛿-lactone is sequentially hydrolyzed by lactonase to d-gluconic acid, and the resulting hydrogen peroxide is hydrolyzed by catalase to oxygen and water. GOX is presently known to be produced only by fungi and insects. The current main industrial producers of glucose oxidase are Aspergillus and Penicillium. An important property of GOX is its antimicrobial effect against various pathogens and its use in many industrial and medical areas. The aim of this review is to summarize the structure, function, production strains and biophysical and biochemical properties of GOX in light of its various industrial, biotechnological and medical applications.

Glucose oxidase is an enzyme that has widespread applications in industry and biotechnology. Due to this, a deep understanding of its structure and function are warranted. Glucose degradation is the most universal metabolic process. In addition to its breakdown in glycolysis, glucose can also be directly oxidized to glucono-𝛿-lactone by a number of enzymes.

These fall into two classes: the dehydrogenases glucose dehydrogenase (𝛽-d-glucose: NAD(P)⁺ 1-oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.47) and quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (d-glucose:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.5.2) andthe oxidases glucose oxidase (GOX; 𝛽-d-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.3.4) and pyranose oxidase (pyranose:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.3.10).

The dehydrogenases oxidize glucose in one step using a co-factor, either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+) or pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), as the electron sink while the oxidases use a two-step mechanism in which a bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) co-factor is used to oxidize glucose to form glucono-𝛿-lactone and an enzyme-FADH2 intermediate followed by electron transfer to O₂ to form H₂O₂. The principal difference between GOX and pyranose oxidase is that the former is specific to 𝛽-d-glucose while the latter is also able to act on d-xylose, l-sorbose and d-galactose.

The general reaction of GOX

The high specificity, high turnover and high stability of GOX make it an ideal enzyme for biosensor applications, some of which will be described below. Although its rate constant is still several orders of magnitude below the diffusion limit, GOX has a much higher 𝑘cat/𝐾M (on the order of 106M−1·s−1) compared with most other oxidoreductases, prompting at least one researcher to call it “the Ferrari of the oxidases” .

GOX is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase (GMC oxidoreductase) superfamily. The members of this family are all FAD-dependent oxidoreductases that share a common fold . They consist of two functional domains, an N-terminal FAD-binding domain, which contains a strictly conserved 𝛽⁢𝛼⁢𝛽 mononucleotide-binding motif and a more variable substrate binding-domain. As the name suggests, the members of this family oxidize a variety of substrates containing hydroxyl functional groups, including mono and di-saccharides, alcohols, cholesterol and choline. GOX is perhaps the most thoroughly characterized of these, and its mechanism will be described more thoroughly below.

GOX is used in many branches of industry because of its ability to oxidize glucose and produce hydrogen peroxide. Its rapid turnover and high stability finds it many applications in the food, pharmaceutical, medical, textile and power industries. For many of these applications GOX is used in a biosensor or nanosensor , in nanoparticles or in nanosheets .

In many modern applications, GOX is often used in combination with other enzymes, for example, tyrosinase in the analysis and discrimination of musts and wines, 𝛼-amylases and xylanases for improving the quality of dough and bread, peroxidase for accurately measuring the level of glucose in blood and saliva and tears, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine in cancer intervention therapy and insulin for regulating blood glucose levels in diabetes. Finally, it has been combined with the anti-cancer drug tirapazamine and human serum albumin to create a nanoreactor capable of increasing the levels of hypoxia and reactive oxygen species and inhibiting tumor growth.

The applicability of GOX primarily depends on its quantity, thermal stability and activity. Many studies focused on identifying which fungal strains are better for biosensor development, which are better for clinical studies and which are better for biochemical diagnostic tests. Optimal GOX utilization also requires consideration of the type of matrix on which GOX is bound and type of media and conditions under which it is used. Consequently, in addition to identifying the best GOX producers and the ideal conditions for its stability and activity, the development of different binding materials, environmental conditions and detection systems are also very important for expanding the range of GOX’s industrial applications.

Quote : https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8946809/#sec5-biomolecules-12-00472